حيوانات مفترسه 2016 ، عالم الحيوان كامل ٢٠١٦

                                                     



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about Hummingbird

- : Hummingbird

scientists said the hummingbird, which is known as the smallest bird in size at all, but it is the smallest warm-blooded animals on the face of the earth, which has a complicated history in the world of evolution.

Among the unique qualities which characterize the hummingbird Also, as stated on Yahoo written, that the owner of a faster heartbeat and faster metabolic between vertebrates operations as it is the only bird that can fly backwards, the researchers succeeded in drawing the family tree of this bird which feeds mainly on the nectar of flowers, using genetic information derived from most types of this bird, the overall number 338 in the world a bit, and the next of kin of the bird.

The scientists added that the possible division of the bird species to nine sets vary depending on the size and the living quarters and methods of feeding and body shape, and lived common ancestor of all bird species found now by 22 million a year in Latin America, while the ancestors of hummingbird living in Europe as well. There is no bird species in our time only in the Americas.

He said Christopher Witt expert ornithology at the University of New Mexico, one of the researchers involved in the study, published in the journal (Carrant biological) The hummingbird enjoy brilliantly capabilities undisputed any object.

Witt said, "he can shave his wings and is in sleep mode and can move in any direction meticulously even in case of strong wind gusts. It also has the highest rate of energy consumption for per gram of weight when compared with any animal."

He said, "featuring brightly colored bright eye-catching when viewed in a good light. These combined characteristics of speed, agility and creativity have no counterpart in nature."

Picturesque and varied colors of the hummingbird, as male looks vibrant and colorful than females. He says Jamie McGuire biologist at the University of California at Berkeley, who led the study, said often characterized male painted green feathers on the body, while the "head colors vary in a manner involving all colors imaginable from gold to red, blue, purple, red-hitter for bluer along with all colors spectrum. "

Witt said that the bird's name is derived from the whirring sound caused by the flap the wings quickly. The faster speed to flap the wings of the bird almost 15 times per second, and feeds the hummingbird nectar mainly has a long pointy beak and tongue tapering to collect sap flowers. Due to the absence of the protein nectar almost Vbusa bird that feeds on insects as well.

McGuire said, "should the bird be fed constantly so that it can provide the needs of the necessary energy. Many of the hummingbirds to resort to the latency period for the night so as not to starve and up to the stage of mortality at night, which is good."

While hummingbirds now live in the new world of any North, Central and South America and the Caribbean, but the oldest fossils have been found in Europe. The researchers said that this shows that the bird was thrives in large numbers in the ancient world and then disappeared for unknown reasons, and announced in 2004 the discovery of fossils of the oldest in Germany for the types of hummingbird dating back to 30 million a year.

Waite said "fossil record for hummingbirds and small birds like him is extremely rare in a manner we do not know when the bird became extinct in Europe. Maybe in 30 million years, or it may be a few thousand years ago."

The researchers say that the evolutionary record and upgrading of hummingbird dispersion between Europe, Asia and South America. They added that these birds may have found its way to South America after crossing a land bridge was the link between Siberia and Alaska, and then expanded the bird species to environmental sites and other types originated in North America and the Caribbean.

The smaller types of hummingbird Today even the smallest bird in existence is the bee hummingbird found in Cuba and a length of about five centimeters and weighs about 1.9 grams, while the largest in South America to live and the length of 20 centimeters and weighs about 20 grams.

about fish

fish

Fish supplier of important resources for human beings all over the world and more types is a key food for humans. And fish species that are more desirable than others is the carp and Smkakadd and herring and sardines and tuna. Professional fishermen and Ulkipavion hunt fish from wild fisheries (see fishing) or Bastzeralla in pools or in cages in the ocean (see aquaculture). And it is also caught by recreational fishing or sports lovers, or to keep them as pets by hobby fish lovers, or to view it in public pools. Fish has played an important role in culture through the ages, Vozvt of divinity and in religious symbols, and as employed in the arts, books and Aloflam.etwafr fish in most water bodies. It can almost be found in all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (such as char and thickness gobies) to great depths and even Kndeghih of the deepest oceans (eg, eels swallower and fish Angler). As that some fish live in fresh water in lakes, rivers and other Alohuarobedha live in salt water in the seas and oceans. There are about 32,000 species of fish, thus the most versatile than any other group of vertebrates. [4]

The word "fish" or "fish" is a term that is defined negatively, and excludes him quartets legs (such as amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) which descend from between the folds of the same advances. So it is a quasi-populist term and did not reflect a dynamic sound rating in the science of the regular neighborhoods. Other traditional terms such as Asamkiat pisces (or ichthyes) are typical Nmtihoo terms, but they are not classified in the science of evolution breeds. Some other types of animals that live in the sea, such as sea stars and jellyfish also called fish but not fish. Molluscs also objects with various coincidences such as shellfish and crustaceans such as shrimp, shrimp and crabs are not fish.

The oldest living organisms that can be classified as one of the fish is limp body chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although it lacked a true spine, they possessed ropes dorsal allowed them to be more flexible than their counterparts of invertebrates. Fish continued to develop during the initial period, and the varied and wide to cruel way. Many of the initial era fish developed external shields to protect them from predators. The first fish have decoding appeared in the Silurian age, and many of them later became (such as sharks) formidable predators freely instead of just being a prey to the objects of arthropods Division.

Fish Date

I do not know precisely when invertebrates moved to vertebrates, because this transition has been since time immemorial exceed four hundred and fifty million years ago, in Alslora minimum age, and is well known that fish is the first vertebrates that appeared on the surface of the earth, all of which were in the first place belongs to a group of armored fish.

Even Alslora top times were fish species do not increase in length to ten centimeters, then began to appear after that types of armored fish the finest and larger has been possible to find the remains of the external skeletons of these fish are rarely found on the structures of the Interior, and can fish considered a round Contemporary mouth descendants of those ancient armored fish.

And you can not precisely determine the origin of armored fish, but there is a possibility refers to the platoon could be one out of these fish, the two Jeraptolita one of the row Alheidrvaniat that belong to Algeoffmaoaat Division, such as the Hydra and Maran and others, and the second platoon are Altreubita "or trilobites , a scaly animals belong to the arthropods Division.

And that this possibility is likely that both Jerabolita and Altreubita arrived to the greatest stages of their development in the era Alslora. Other species may be branched from the two faction, but it is likely that the arthropods were the origin of the emergence of fish, astronomer living organism that lives in water in the form of a fish, you should be certain conditions are met it in order to suit the aquatic environment, in order to ensure the speed of movement in aqueous medium heavy, and the nature of Algeoffmaoaat does not support the possibility of the existence of these conditions, but it proved that arthropods since the Cambrian era, the first ancient eras were moving and crawl on the sea floor, it is likely so they lived on more than one image, as do some types of crab so far in Indian Ocean.

In order for an organism to live a proper manner, it should provide the body to help it to sense their environment do. This has resulted in the need for the growth of the sense organs, which are the bodies of membership can be affected by gravity and photovoltaic, thermal and so on.

Episode first transition between vertebrates, invertebrates has to be that it was a being much like an animal stock, did not have the internal structure of the object, but it came under the spinal cord nervous to a central, a string of flexible cells called nerve cord, and this primitive object that looks like the stock first originated cartilaginous fish, which later developed into bony fish, and formed paragraphs about the nerve cord to protect it from the dangers caused by rapid movement, which was necessitated by the life of these fish in the water, then the inflation front part of the nervous got her pregnant to be the brain. And it originated the gills later advanced from the front of the gastrointestinal tract in primitive Alsuham, who was working as a device to breathe absorbs dissolved oxygen in the water and turns it into the blood.

Because of the great sudden evolution experienced by invertebrates during the era Alslora likely to Altreubita or trilobites it had to expand the area of ​​their life, and to increase the speed of movement, so that they can ensure survival in the struggle with other marine organisms, and it seems that some of them managed to adapt with the new circumstances.

And require the speed of movement of water in a special form of the body, achieves the least amount of resistance, and also require a device that helps to rush into the water, the fish was the form of an inevitable result of the conditions of the environment in which she lived the first fish. Thus invertebrates evolved into a well-known Braosha edged fish body that relate directly related to the body without the neck. The back also began to cascade down the gradient at the center, even up to the pointed end of the tail, and required the presence of a list on the end of the body to help the speed of movement, it is inevitable that are similar to the caudal fin, also supported appendages finfish thoracic strong rays of short help fish on fast swimming.

During the Devonian-Undecided age of about three hundred and fifty million Aam- since occurred in the earth's crust has undergone tremendous changes, resulted in that living things that existed then evolved; even fit in with the new conditions of life, and when successive globe periods of heavy rain, and periods of drought and heat, was on the fish to evolve even fit in with the surrounding circumstances, was that evolved to the lung fish can build their own added in a mud live, and the hole introduces him to the atmosphere, and they remain in their nests, even traverse the drought, then resume her life in water when it rains. This was the fish belong to pulmonary fish row hardened wings and which originated amphibians, Kaldvda and salamanders.

There were several types of women with cystic gills, two rows of them who lived through the eras Alslora and Devonian, two Alonasbeida and had been living on the bottom, and have a solid bony armor covering its part at the front of the head.

A distinctive qualities in body composition to believe that the thickness of lampreys and fish mucous - two of useless Alvkok- fish are strain direct the remainder of this extinct organisms, which began small in no more than a few centimeters, and then flourished in eras Devonian minimum carbon era, where he found the fossils heads of armored fish with a length of more than six meters, it is likely the ancestors of the shark, which found him fossils scattered in a variety of eras Alslora upper and lower Devonian, which indicates that the sharks came after the gills of a fish seine.

It is believed that the original fish, a fish bone, was an extension of the development of a branch of the shark in the early Alslora era, and the oldest known of these fish species are preliminary Alhvxiat that existed during the Devonian Period, reaching the height of its growth during the Carboniferous period, and remained until the end Jurassic period and there are still a few species belong to this initial Alhvxiat live to this day. However, the ranks that most of the bony fish are remaining so far did not appear in the middle periods, and its development was rapid and is mostly in Eocene age At the beginning of the modern eras.

And you know the three times late in the ancient eras era of fish, namely the Silurian and Devonian and Carboniferous period, but real or bony fish have not attained the height of her life except in the Carboniferous period was not the types can be compared with fish that are now only in the age of reptiles, which came after that show, as the factions did not show prevailing for now, but in the age of reptiles, which came after that, as the dominant factions did not show for now, but in the age of mammals, is the latest of these geological ages.

There are bony fish species now number more than in any other Division of vertebrates people, and where multiple shapes, sizes and colors as different from each other in often a big difference in the internal structure, and live in all aquatic environments.

General characteristics of fish

The fish also feature fins supported by the thorns of radial cartilage or bone; and fins be individual or Zojih.lsamk scales and fins and gill (gills) breathes out. Called Aforajh crust that covers the fish skin with money. Like other vertebrates, fish have the structure or a central spine. The body cavity that contains the vital organs in the front of the belly of the fish is located, but the back, which is located behind the body cavity consists mostly of muscles and basic function is to push the fish in the water and called the tail or the tail. Often covered body Bhrashv fish. And coats the fish skins also a layer of mucous material complement what the husks of protective functions; they are surrounded by fungi and bacteria that may be attached to the body of the fish and their crippling slipped and fall without being hit by injury, but if the fish lost part of Hrashvha, the microbes may be up to the Naked Empty Article mucous thus exposing the fish to many diseases.

Fish colors

Fish colors from light gray vary, bright red, brown, which is similar to a greener, to dark colors that singled out the bottom fish, bony fish and is usually characterized by the beauty of their colors and their multiplicity, while the colors converge in cartilaginous fish.

Fish is gaining colors of pigments Rasph or hanging in the branches of ribs or special cells; and contain the ribbed yellow pigment cells, while branching dye orange, red, brown and black contain. Another branched cells, which are piled reflective crystals of light from a substance called "guanine", a production of Synovial indigestible materials, and carried by the blood to the cells that abound on the belly of the fish is attributed to white and silver color.

And different amounts of pigment and crystals from fish to other .. If abounded containing cells on the pigment, and the colors were bright and clear; if abounded crystalline cells, has become the colors pale; and when the spread of colored liquids inside cells complete fish color is becoming increasingly apparent, and if accumulated various cells dyes each over some of them produce multiple colors, and guanine can also analyze the light spectrum.

Fish and can often be similar to their environment, for fear the enemy or Tbaght prey .. you shall take some seaweed colors, and take other forms of coral and colors, as grouper take colors resemble the prevailing colors.

Nor is the light spread and included an aquifers more than four hundred meters, and produces from this that pelagic fish are bright color, while homogeneous colors whenever clearer and depth to become faint in the depths as well as fade fish colors that inhabit the caves and water caves dark, but regains its colors when exposed light

There are other factors, as well as light, often affecting the fish colors. It revealed the relationship between the fish-eye and color when covered with the lower part of the eye color of the fish become vibrant, and did not cover the top cause any change in the color of the fish, which indicates that the bottom part of the retina affect the animal's color. It was also noted that the plaice can acquire bottom colors after prolong seen because the fish-eye movement of images visuals to the optic nerve and then to the brain and then to the sympathetic nerve that connects all the colored cells and thus the fish take the color of the environment in which you live like a fish reefs.

Heat impact on fish colors, they are causing the spread of colored fluid inside cells; the fish health condition that affects largely on their color.

Fish colors in particular as change at a time when mating. It seems pompous male in a suit and a brighter color, so that he can lure and attract the female, and this is due to the change in color to the activity of the gonads. Fish and common traits are: multiply laying eggs in the water, their bodies covered with husks and breathe through gills

Classification of fish

Animal Kingdom

Chordates Division

Under-Division vertebrates

Above a row Agnatha Agantha

Row tinny head Cephalaspidomorphi

Petromyzontiformes rank

Family Aljlekiat Petromyzontidae

Above a row Alvkiat Gnathostomata

Row cartilaginous Chondrichthyes

Under a full head Holocephali row

Chimaeriformes rank

Chimaeridae family

Under row tinny gills Elasmobranchii

Rank forms Chimera Carcharhiniformes

Scyliorhinidae family

Carcharhinidae family

Rank forms of loans mackerel Lamniformes

Alopiidae family

Cetorhinidae family

The family of the white shark or sharks Macarril Lamnidae

Hexanchiformes rank

Shark bovine family Hexanchidae

Rank forms of dogfish Squaliformes

Family dogfish Squalidae

Shark family lying Dalatiidae

Rank forms of shark stellar Squatiniformes

Shark stellar Squatinidae family

Rank forms Rai Rajiformes

Family Rai electric Torpedinidae

Rajidae family

Radial fins row Actinopterygii

Above the rank of bony cartilaginous Chondrostei

Rank forms Sturgeon Acipenseriformes

Sturgeon Acipenseridae family

Under Neopterygii rank

Fish Department complete ossification Teleostei

Anguilliformes rank

Eel long mouth Nemichthyidae family

Clupeiformes rank

Family Aloncoggiot Engraulidae

Alrinkeat family Clupeidae

Rank forms Alhbottiyat Cypriniformes

Alhbottiyat family Cyprinidae

Rank forms of smelt Osmeriformes

Family Alhviat Osmeridae

Rank forms of salmonids Salmoniformes

Family salmonids Salmonidae

Rank forms Almusharttiyat Aulopiformes

Synodontidae family

Paralepididae family

Family Almusharttiyat Alepisauridae

Rank forms of fish enlightening Myctophiformes

Fish enlightening family Myctophidae

Rank forms Aalghemriaat Lampridiformes

Family Aalghemriaat Lamprididae

Trachipteridae family

Ophidiiformes rank

Bythitidae family

Gadiformes rank

Merlucciidae family

Alkadiat family Gadidae

Batrachoidiformes rank

Batrachoididae family

Beloniformes rank

Scomberesocidae family

Rank forms of semiconductor Alhbottiyat Cyprinodontiformes

Semiconductor Alhbottiyat Cyprinodontidae family

Gasterosteiformes rank

Aulorhynchidae family

Gasterosteidae family

Syngnathidae family

Scorpaeniformes rank

Scorpaenidae family

Anoplopomatidae family

Hexagrammidae family

Zaniolepididae family

Rhamphocottidae family

Cottidae family

Agonidae family

Psychrolutidae family

Cyclopteridae family

Liparidae family

Fish-like chicks Perciformes

Moronidae family

Carangidae family

Bramidae family

Sciaenidae family

Embiotocidae family

Bathymasteridae family

Zoarcidae family

Stichaeidae family

Cryptacanthodidae family

Pholidae family

Anarhichadidae family

Ptilichthyidae family

Scytalinidae family

Trichodontidae family

Ammodytidae family

Icosteidae family

Gobiesocidae family

Gobiesocidae family

Sphyraenidae family

Trichiuridae family

Alasagmriaat family Scombridae

Stromateidae family

Pleuronectiformes rank

Bothidae family

Pleuronectidae family

Cynoglossidae family

Rank jaws Tetraodontiform quad forms

Sunfish family Molidae

types bulbul

Image expressive Bulbul

Bolbol

Albulabl singular: Bulbul or Alangr [1] (scientific name: Pycnonotidae) are species of birds 

follow the rank PASSERINES range of birds [2] [3]. A birdie white cheeks solo and beautiful and handsome, a good example for fluency and good sound, when his upbringing at home adds Inshirah and joy and pleasure and is characterized by prudence and intelligence, sociability and ease of Education, and is characterized by fulfilling and familiar with its author largely fly. Albulabl various types spread in most parts of Africa and even the Middle East, Asia, Indonesia and as far north as Japan. There are isolated species in the tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, there are about 130 species spread over 24 genus [4].

Races

Bulbul

Golden Nightingale

Bulbul yellow belly

Building nests

The Albulabl building their nests above the palm trees, and used in the piece palm materials in the construction of the nest like a palm leaf and sticks of trees where the Albulabl, wrap the nesting material and a nest roundish shape.

Multiply

The Albulabl Pray Ghazlah very attractive, move their wings slowly for 10 to about 30 seconds with a ruffle feathers and the descent of the body forward in the direction of the earth somewhat with open beak and issued during a mild voice after mating the females laying eggs and be the number of eggs from 3-2 egg and be this versicolor any eggs sprinkled and dotted purple, black, alternating male and female on the lap of the eggs after 15 days of Alrkd Evqs eggs, alternating male and female, young and rearing young rely on parents to be out of the nest.

The difference between male and female

Male be its note stronger than the female and male body is larger than the female and male be steadfast erect and female are more erections than the male in the stand and the tail of the male is longer than the female percentage to Albulabl white-cheek the color zero less Vetoha from scratch color for males and tail of the male is Mmoum the tail of the female is furnished some kind either female man be more obtuse than the male.

White-cheeked Bulbul recipes

Body gray afternoon bird is Black and the head of the bird is a black and a bird's beak Black with black mustaches and feathers above the head in the form of a triangle or Mqmbr Okhadd bird is white and tail Black and the end of the tail, white-legged jumper dark gray and the length of the bird from beak to tail 18 cm and no many types of about 173 kind of Albulabl approx.

How to build a cage

Bjb build a large cage on the roof to take a bird in flight comfort and away from the hassle and must provide safety and that of the conditions achieved successfully breeding this kind of bird to be the beginning of breeding a pair or three pairs.

Mqais cage

Width = 2.25 m

Length = 3 meters

Height = 2 \ 1 meter

Basics of the cage

The cage is placed in facing South abyss to let in the sun into the cage to Takmalatior Solarium day

Installation of the best types fray to play the birds build their nests and the element #

Alachoc distribution in the cage where Zoaa be similar to the Canary Ashoush but slightly larger

Put on the floor of the cage Ashah material which is a palm leaf or fruit fibers

Coconut or palm ambulance Fa Albulabl adept at building their own nests

And that there be a dedicated utensils for eating, drinking and other BATH Almentdm because Albulabl like bathing to be a once in winter and twice in the summer and be a sunny day

Customize the pot to put sand from the sea which is very important for the birds

nutrition

Albulabl feed on fruits and vegetables of all kinds, especially dates, the spectrum of too many out of important vitamins and necessary and apple slices and pieces of oranges, grapes, guavas, pears, papayas and minerals which feed on insects for taking the protein, especially during the period of rearing their offspring.

Blue whale

The blue whale, or the lighthouse [4] (scientific name: Balaenoptera musculus) is a mammal sea belongs to under the baleen whales rank, [5] and because of the length of 30 meters (98 feet) [6] and weight of 170 tons [7] or more , it is the largest known animal ever. [8]

The blue whale's body is long and slender, a Piebald graded colors, it is bluish gray at noon and lighter in color on the lower side. [9] of the blue whale three different strains are at least: b. M. Mskyuls (B. m. Musculus) and live in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and b. M. Intermedia (B. m. Intermedia) and lives in the Antarctic Ocean, and b. M. Brevikuda (B. m. Brevicauda) also known as pygmy blue whale, live in the Indian and South Pacific Ocean, and the b. M. Aindika (B. m. Indica), who lives in the Indian Ocean, it's possible that another strain of this kind. Consists of blue whales, like other baleen whales almost exclusively of small crustaceans known as Alaevoseat food. [10]

The blue whales are abundant in all the Earth's oceans almost until the beginning of the twentieth century, as it was hunters whales they hunt for more than a century until it became on the verge of extinction, but the international community has to protect them in 1966, leading to improved conditions, has estimated a 2002 report number blue whales, including approximately 5,000 to 12,000 blue whale all over the world, [11] and are found in five sets at least, and noted the latest report conducted on whales breed dwarf that this estimate may be lower than the reality, [12] and the red list of threatened species extinction they are classified as blue whale within the endangered animals. [13] was the largest concentration of blue whales before whaling operations in the Antarctic region, with nearly 239,000 whale numbered (from 202,000 to 311,000 a whale), [14] but it was left there only much smaller than those groups, each group of two thousand whales consists almost, are found in all the eastern North Pacific and Antarctica and the Indian Ocean, there are also two groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two groups in the southern Hemisphere.

Category

Blue whales are classified as a platoon Alrcoliat (Balaenopteridae), a species that includes whales tsunami, whales and finfish, postal and whales, and whales Sai, and minke whales. [5] Proponents scientists believe the theory of evolution that species Alrcoliat has evolved from under the baleen whales rank long before dating back to the era Oligocene East, but they did not know when to split these types of species from each other.

Classifies the blue whale is usually a kind of eight belonging to the genus Alhrkulyat species, a study classified into a separate genus called Sebaldus (Sibbaldus), [15] However, this classification is not acceptable in any other place. [1] has pointed out the DNA sequence of a whale analysis blue that closer ethnically to the sei whale and Bryde's whale species and other Alhrkulyat, closer to the whale tsunami gray whale from minke whales, [16] [17] it is believed that if there are other research confirms these relationships, it will be necessary to reclassify Alrcoliat.

I've found in the wild for at least eleven documented cases of whale hybrids resulting from mating blue whales with whales Zaanvih, and some scientists have pointed out that the genetic kinship between the blue whale fin whales are such kinship between humans and gorillas. [18] In addition to therefore, some of the researchers working at the Fiji Island claimed that they took pictures of a hybrid resulting from a whale mating Snama with a blue whale. [19]

The first to describe the blue whale and the description of a publication is a doctor Scottish Robert Sebald in 1694, in his book «Phalainologia Nova», In the month of September in 1692 found Robert Sebald blue whale in the mouth of the Forth River, was that the whale is male length of 24 meters almost (78 feet), and he has a «black sheets solid» and «two holes senior resemble the pyramids in Hklehma». [20]

Blue Whale scientific name is derived from the Latin Mskyuls floor (musculus), which means «muscle», but can also be a sense of «Little Mouse», [21] It must be Carl Linnaeus who name this animal in his book «the order of nature» in 1758, [22] must be because he knew this, and was probably intended this label with concerned irony. [23] Herman Melville has the name this whale as «sulfur bottom» in his novel Moby Dick because of a spot color orange brown or yellow on the lower segment, and it is caused by the presence of algae called diatoms on his skin. There are other common names for the blue whale, including: Rcoli Sebald proportion to the doctor Robert Sebald, who was the first to describe this whale, the great blue whale and the northern Great Alrcoli, but these names were abandoned and no longer used. The first known use of the term blue whale was in the novel Moby Dick, it has said the author Herman Melville this term metaphorically only was it a special name for this whale, and the English name «blue whale» derived from the Norwegian word «blåhval» formulated by hunter whales Norwegian Svend Vojin, world Ocean Norwegian George SARS has adopted this name to become Norwegian common name for the blue whale, in the year 1874. [20]

Authorities blue whale is divided into three or four strains, namely: b. M. Mskyuls (B. m. Musculus), a northern blue whale, which includes groups that live in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and b. M. Intermedia (B. m. Intermedia), the southern blue whale who lives in the Antarctic Ocean, and b. M. Brevikuda (B. m. Brevicauda), a blue whale dwarf who lives in the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, [24] and The Great Indian whale b. M. Aindika (B. m. Indica), who lives in the Indian Ocean, it is the most problematic of these breeds, there are those who classify in a separate breed, and there are those who make it is a strain b. M. One strain Brevikuda. [1]

Description and behavior

Body blue whale long tapering shape, apparently lying when compared with other whales that are buxom bodies. [25] The head Fmstah shape and be U-shaped and contains a series of outcrops salient stretching from slot jetting to the top of the upper lip. [25 ] the front of the mouth and thick sheets Balinih contain almost 300 plate numbering (one plate in each meters approx.) [25] hang from the upper jaw, and head by half a meter back into the mouth. There are cavities between 70 and 118 cavities ranging in size (called folds groundwater) spread in the throat of the whale parallel to the extension of his body, and help these folds in the water ejected from the mouth after he deals with his own food Pisces.

Blue fin whale small dorsal, [25] ranging in height from 8 to 70 centimeters (3.1 to 28 inches), and height in most cases between 20 and 40 centimeters (7.9 to 16 inches), which means that an average altitude of about 28 centimeters (11 inches), [26] and these fin visible only briefly during the dive cascade, which lies along the three-quarters of the body lengthwise, and differ in form from one individual to another, with some whales owns a small piece difficult feeling in them or touching them, The others Vimitlk dorsal fin prominent sickle shaped. When the blue whale goes out to the water's surface to breathe, he lifted his shoulders and slot puff out of the water to a greater extent than other large whales, such as whale fin whales Sai, and can Observers uses this characteristic to distinguish between the different species in the sea, and some blue whales in North Atlantic and North Pacific raise their wake when diving. When breathing blue whale it does jet column of water vertically amazingly up to the height of 12 meters (39 feet), typically 9 meters (30 feet), with a lung whale 5.000 liter, which has two openings puffs identical protected by a huge portion. [25 ]

Ranges along the whale's fin blue between 3 and 4 meters (9.8 to 13 feet), is the color of their sides Alawites gray with thin white borders, and the two sides Ambasslaan white color, and the color of the head and the tail is uniform gray color, and the top of its parts, and sometimes fins, usually be mottled or polka dots, and the degree of drip vary significantly from one individual to another, when each color have these parts a gray uniform, but at others, these sections contain a large variation of colors: dark blue, gray, black, are dotted in a tight . [5]

Can blue whales speed of up to 50 kph (31 mph) in short bursts, which usually occur when interacting with other whales, but the typical speed while swimming at 20 kph (12 mph), [5] As for eating while they reduce the speed of five kilometers per hour (3.1 miles per hour).

Blue whales live mostly alone or with an individual and another one, do not know how much couples keep traveling with each other, and the sites where there is a high concentration of nutrients, it had been seen at least 50 whales blue scattered in a small space such as, but blue whales do not constitute a large interconnected groups such as those seen in other baleen species.

 the size

The blue whale is the largest known animal lived on the ground now and ever, [25] and the largest dinosaur known it Dinassourarzintinosors who lived in the middle period, with an estimated weight of approximately 90 tons, [27] That is much smaller and lighter than the blue whales.

Difficult to measure blue whales weight because of its size, as is the case with most of the large whales targeted by hunters whales, the male blue whales amount has not weighed whole never, but it is cut into small pieces first easy to handle, and therefore these estimates were less than the total weight of the real the whale, because the whale loses some blood and other fluids if they are cut. Blue whales in Hmalamahat Atlantic and Pacific smallest appear larger on average than those found in the vicinity of the Antarctic regions, and weights recorded, ranging between 150 and 170 tons of whale length up to 27 meters (89 feet), and the US National Laboratory for marine mammals (NMML) estimating the weight of a whale 30 meters long (98 feet), including more than 180 tons, and the largest blue whale has «NMML» scientists weigh it accurately are female and weighed 177 tons. [11]

There are several allegations about any blue whales found is the biggest ever, and most of these allegations came from blue whales killed in the waters of Antarctica during the first half of the twentieth century, only to fishermen who collected this information were not well-versed in the techniques followed in the measurement of animal sizes, but well-known is that the largest whales and weight have weighed about 190 tons. [28] the longest whales ever understanding Onthian two Toulhma 33.6 meters (110 feet) and 33.3 meters (109 feet), but that these two measurements are not very precise, [29] and the longest whale has «NMML» scientists measured the length of a length of 29.9 meters has been reached (98 feet), [11] and was female Astadha fishermen whales Japanese in the Antarctic in 1946 or 1947. Lt. Quentin R. stressed. Walsh, of the US Coast Guard, who was working as investigators in the whaling operations, confirmed the existence of female whale blue holder a length of 30 meters (98 feet) in the Arctic Aljnobihvi the years 1937 to 1938 season. [30] The longest whale was found in the North Pacific Ocean a length of 27.1 meters has been reached (89 feet), and the female whale hunters Astadha Japanese in 1959, and the longest whale was found in the North Atlantic were female length of 28.1 meters (92 feet), has been found in the Davis Strait. [20]

Because of the size of whales Big Blue, several members of its members is the largest species of the animal kingdom are all, Velsanh weighs about 2.7 tons, [31] and when the mouth is open fully, it can accommodate up to 90 tonnes of food and water, [10] Although the size of the mouth is very large, but the throat dimensions of not being able to swallow anything larger than a beach ball. [32] The heart weight of 600 kg (1300 lbs), the largest heart known when any animal, [31] and Omeshraanh aorta rib, the length of the a diameter of about 23 centimeters (9.1 inches). [33] and drink calf blue whale during the first seven months of his life around 400 liters of milk every day, gaining these calves weight very quickly, as it increases 90 kilos (200 pounds) almost every 24 hours, with a whale birth weight 2700 kg (6000 lbs.) which is the same weight to the hippo when it is full maturity. [5] and has blue whales are relatively small brains, with an estimated weight of about 6.92 kg (15.26 lb) only , representing only 0.007% of its body weight, [34] and the rod blue whale is the largest of the male are all living organisms. [35]

Food

Blue whales feed almost exclusively on small crustaceans known as Alaevoseat, however they are dealing with small amounts of Mjaddavih legs, [36] a small crustaceans live Viseaar fresh water. The different types of zooplankton that feed on blue whales from the perimeter to the perimeter, in the North Atlantic, the species that make up the usual food is: «Meganyctiphanes norvegica» and «Thysanoessa raschii» and «Thysanoessa inermis» and «Thysanoessa longicaudata», [37] [ 38] [39] in the North Pacific, the food usual is: «Euphausia pacifica» and «Thysanoessa inermis» and «Thysanoessa longipes» and «Thysanoessa spinifera» and «Nyctiphanes symplex» and «Nematoscelis megalops», [40] [41 ] [42] in the southern Hemisphere, the usual food is: krill and krill magnificent crystal and brand of Valentinian krill and krill south (night).

Deals with the blue whale of up to 40 million Creel per day, [43] always eat whales in areas where there are upper concentrations of Alkrliat, which eat sometimes up to 3,600 kg (7,900 lbs) of Alaevoseat in one day, [36] this is because the blue whale's needs daily capacity of more than 1.5 billion calories. [44] blue whales food habits vary from one season to another, they are very greedy when they are in the rich waters Balaevoseat in the Antarctic before migrating to areas breed in the vicinity of the equator waters which are warmer and less vocals Balaevoseat, and can the blue whale that deals with energy up to ninety times the energy it consumes, and this allows him to store large reserves of energy. [45] [46] [47 ]

Blue whales eat normally at a depth of over 100 meters (330 feet) during the day and eat from the surface during the night only, due to Alaevoseat movement, usually a period of Ghosha when ten minutes of nutrition, but that this period is often up to twenty minutes, As long as they are recorded dive 36 minutes. Eat blue whale mediated rush toward Alaevoseat groups, leading to the entry of these animals in addition to large quantities of water in his mouth, and then the next pressure of the abdominal sac and tongue squeezing water out of Cefaiha Balinese, when freelance mouth of the water, it is swallowing the remaining Alaevoseat in his mouth, which was not able to pass through the baleen plates. The blue whale is consumed in addition to Alaevoseat: small fish, crustaceans, squid attached with Alaevoseat in Cefaiha baleen. [48] [49]

life cycle

Blue whales mating begins in late fall and lasts until the end of the winter, [50] does not know much about the mating habits of the whales. Females give birth usually once every two or three years, and have it in the beginning of winter after a gestation period of between 10 and 12 months, [50] and be a small whale weight (calf) at birth about 2.5 tons and a length of about 7 meters (23 feet), and after birth the calf starts eating a large amount of milk varies between 380 and 570 liters per day, contains the blue whale's milk on energy amounting up to 18,300 kJ / kg (4370 Kilusarh / kg), [51] and has a calf weaning after six months of his birth, and have reached a length, then to twice what it was, and up blue whale puberty at the age of between five years and ten years often have. Whaling records appear in the Northern Hemisphere, the average length of the male whales when puberty reach 20-21 meters (65.6 to 69 feet) and the average female length of 21-23 meters (69-75 feet), [52] but in half the land southern males length of 22.6 meters (74 feet) and females 24 meters (79 feet), [53] but after puberty, the average male along in the northern Hemisphere of 24 meters (79 feet) and females 25 meters (82 feet), but in the southern Hemisphere, the average male length of 25 meters (82 feet) and females 26.5 meters (87 feet). [52] [53] the graphic study in the North Pacific have shown that the average blue whales along the amount of 21, 6 meters (71 feet), and the maximum length is 24.4 meters (80 feet), [54] even though he had been found on a female blue whale 26.5 meters long (87 feet) on one of the beaches of California in 1979. [55 ]

Scientists estimate the blue whale lives of at least four-fifth year, [29] [50] [56] However, as the statistics conducted on individuals do not go back to the whaling era, this estimate will not be definitively known for several years, was the longest total registered Study on one individual for 34 years, and was in the eastern North Pacific. [57] the only natural predator of these whales is the killer whale, [58]. some studies indicate that 25% of blue whales amounting to almost have the scars caused by killer whales attacks, [29] The resulting from those attacks, the death rate is unknown.

Some species of whales throw themselves on land and beaches, leading to her death from dehydration, this behavior is known as whales suicide, but this behavior is not common when blue whales at all, and because of the social structure of this type of whale, the mass suicides do not see then never, [59] when the phenomenon of suicide whales are located, they become the focus of public attention. In 1920, people had washed blue whale lying on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland with water so as not to die of dehydration, as the some of the whalers shot him but spear fishing, which was launched it did not explode, was left alive, and as with all mammals the whale instinct led him to continue breathing at all costs, even if that means to throw himself on the beach itself to prevent it from sinking, which the whale to do. Residents erected bones from the bones of the whale off one of the main roads in the Isle of Lewis, and what superpowers clashed still point to attract tourists. [60]

Votes

A study conducted in 1971 that the severity of the sounds made by blue whales, which range between 155 and 188 decibels when measured on a pressure equal to Maekerobascala one on one meter. [61] [62] and exports all whales groups blue noises ranging from fundamental frequencies between 10 and 40 Hz , knowing that the lowest frequency sound a person can hear is 20 Hz. The two blue whales calls range from ten seconds and thirty seconds, and sounds for blue whales recorded off the Sri Lankan coast consists of four musical notes, the one for which equals about two minutes, which is similar to that of the votes of whales Tsunami known, and since this phenomenon was not observed at any another group of blue whales, the researchers believe it may be unique only when whales dwarf breed.

The real reason behind the blue whale sounds unknown issue, noted a 1995 study that the possible reason for this six, namely: [63]

Maintaining the distance between individuals.

Distinguish between different species and between individuals.

Transfer of contextual information, such as feeding, alarm and courtship.

Preservation of social organization, such as contact calls between females and males.

Determine topographic features sites.

Identify prey sites.

Whaling

Fishing time

It is not easy to blue whales hunting or killing because of its speed and strength, and therefore the first whale hunters rarely were hounding her, but they were chasing sperm whales and whales right instead. [64] In 1864, a fisherman Norwegian Svend Vojin processing steamer Bermah whaling

about Soviet

Soviet Union

USSR was a communist constitutional state earlier included its borders most of Eurasia area during the period Biema 1922, until 1991. The name is derived from the Russian translator for the full name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (this file Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (? · Information)) Purify: (Sayoz Savisqueij Ssotsialistisckkh Respoblak) and knows Acronym СССР in Russian or "feed ESR". The public knows him by name which is short of the Soviet Union [1] and the adaptation of his short name and translator of Russian, which Советский Союз, Saviski Sayoz. The word "Soviet" in the Russian language (and the correct pronunciation with "Safet") means "advice" As for the word "Safet" as an entity which is derived name of the State later was the name given to the first local council workers established in "Aavanavo" province in the era former Russian Empire in 1905. the Council Alsavi is a basic reference for the community and the communist regime in the USSR.

And the Soviet Union was born from the womb of the Russian Empire, which has been weakened and debilitated than resolved by political events such as the Russian Revolution, which had in 1917 and later became the Russian Civil War, which lasted four years full between 1918 until 1921. The Soviet Union and be of the Federation of many Soviet states among them well-known political entity composed, though the name "Russia" (Structural founding countries of the Soviet Union and the legitimate heir to him) called under the new political entity for a period of time up there with the name "Soviet Union." And a glance, we find that the Soviet Union were not his international border fixed since its inception, with its boundaries change time has changed and punish historical events where almost borders in the aftermath of World War II borders of the former Russian Empire, especially after the annexation of large areas of neighboring territory lands, which were represented in the Baltic and Eastern countries Poland and Bessarabia region in Eastern Europe and so was the Soviet Union, it has regained full borders of the Russian Empire, except for the rest of the Polish and Finnish territory.

And the Soviet Union are at the beginning of the four former Soviet republics Socialist Union but by 1956 the Soviet Union had become a representative entity for fifteen federal, state and they are:

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus

Soviet Socialist Republic of Turkmenistan

Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia

Soviet Russia the Federal Republic of Socialism

Soviet Socialist Republic of Tajikistan

Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic

Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Independent republics after disassemble

The Soviet Union since the annexation of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on the sixth of August 1940 until Alaatrafh Republic of Karelia, the Finnish-Soviet socialist republic of Karelia Soviet Socialist granted autonomy in the sixteenth of July 1956, had a population of federal States has reached sixteen state.) Being the oldest constitutional communist countries of the Soviet Union was the model for the model by the majority of countries seeking to apply the ideas of Marxism-Leninism during the cold war. The government and political institutions in the country touted as the Bolshevik institutions until it became dubbed later the Soviet Communist Party's name.

Since 1945 and until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 (and is the period known in the history of the Cold War) were the Soviet Union and the United States Alomrakihalquhtan superpowers clashed Ctrtan on the international agenda in all its aspects, whether economic or those related to international affairs of other countries and even the military operations launched by other countries on each other in addition to the destruction of cultural exchange and scientific progress, especially in the field of space research and exploration of control even extended to the field of games and international competitions such as the world Championships and the Olympic Games in different sports.

And the Russian Federation is the rightful heir to the Soviet Union, which was a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States with a recognized global weight and strength, where Russia took international representatives and a lot of armed forces from the former Soviet Union.

Geography and sprawl

The total area of ​​the Soviet Union amounted to 22,276,060 square kilometers. Thus was the largest country in the world the Union as well as Russia, which is the primary heir to this geographic sprawl This area covers about one-sixth of the total area of ​​the globe, and this was a similar size to the size of the North American continent full. European part of the Soviet Union form a quarter of the country's territory was also a heavyweight economic and cultural center of the country at the same time extended the eastern area in Asia to the Pacific coast to the east either south to the borders of Afghanistan and with the exception of some areas in Central Asia was this vast field a densely populated weak annexation this space is 12 time zones and five climatic zones (tundra. taiga. steppes. desert and mountains)

As was the Soviet Union's longest borders in the world and so is the Russian Federation, where a length of approximately 60,000 square kilometers in the Soviet Union, the largest water freshwater lake which is Lake Baikal and is still now part of Russia, the countries that were challenging the Soviet Union: Afghanistan, China, Czechoslovakia , Finland, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey

Date

Since 1917 and until 1922 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic formed the core of the Soviet Union, where she was an independent state in that period Like the rest of the Soviet states at that time until the proclamation of the official of the Soviet Union in the twenty-sixth of December 1922, through the formation annexation federation four countries, namely the Federal Republic of Soviet Russia socialism (and known as the Bolshevik Russia) as well as the republics of Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus Soviet Socialist other, which the Bolsheviks had taken control of the reins of government Bha.aattabr Soviet Union and the heir to the Russian empire and the subsequent transitional government sham short-lived, led by Georgy Lvov and later Alexander Kerensky, since the end of the last rule of Russian Tsars, a Kaiser Nekalaa second and that his reign ended virtually in March 1917 where he pushed empire ruled the country in the wake of the February revolution and replaced a transitional government substitute for it did not last more than six months until it was the other is the exclusion from power by Vladimir Lenin in November of the same year and in the wake of the October revolution.

Vladimir Lenin

The father of the Soviet state was born in 1870, he graduated lawyer but became a revolutionary, and when he read the books of Marx and Engels lifestyle change became a Marxist, a man influenced by Marxism and began revolutionary activities against the Russian empire and set up a communist state, and when the revolution against the czar Naoqla second rebels have managed to achieve victory Faqamt Russian Government temporary and Vladimir Lenin wanted access to power and the establishment of a Russian communist state keep track of the socialist system, so the Bolsheviks in 1917, the revolution knew this revolution Bolshevik revolution under ordered Lenin managed Albolshevik from the elimination of the Russian Provisional government and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and became Lenin, leader of Russia, was the first assistant in the revolution which Leon Trotsky survived an assassination attempt by two bullets he hits his head, but did not give Lenin became leader of the Soviet state in the Russian civil war and achieved the victory in favor of Lenin's doctors surgical operations managed in these operations directed the other one bullet stayed and could not remove them exposure Lenin to stroke the last one is the killer and he died of Lenin in 1924, a large funeral was held for him embalmed and placed in the mausoleum and the tomb was considered part of the red square in Moscow

Revolution and the founding of the Soviet state

Began the revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire at the hands of December rebels in 1825, and despite the fact that slavery had been abolished from all over the Imperial in 1861 by Czar Alexander II and was given serfs or as so-called "salt of the earth" liberty except that the new reform law did not give the peasants simpletons They gave them their rights as far as freedom than the fact that a new impetus to the rebels to get rid of Tsarist rule. Despite the establishment of the local parliament (Duma) in 1906 in the wake of the 1905 revolution, however, the Czar of Russia at that time has frustrated all attempts to transform the country from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Resulting in a growing internal unrest and anger the General People of all events, especially after the imperial armies won a decisive defeat in World War I and the subsequent lack of food, especially in the big cities and supplies.

And the popular uprising may have contributed carried out by the population in the city of Saint Petersburg in protest at the poor state of the country's military and moral decline in various fields in igniting a comprehensive revolution in all parts of the country, known as the February revolution which led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in March 1917, where the Russian Provisional Government replaced tsarist autocratic government, which wanted its leaders (ie the interim government) hold local elections, the composition of the Russian legislative Council by popular vote as well as to continue the first World war alongside the allies.

And at the same time and for working in the community tier guarantee the rights of grown labor unions, which is dubbed "Safet", the country-wide effort and the growing role especially in the reunion of the rebels and provide a suitable place to live meetings, and these councils and federations Soviet able Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin promotion of revolutions and do even managed during the October revolution of wrest power from the interim government in November 1917. by December of the same year, the Bolsheviks signed Agahhdnh with the axis forces, but the fighting renewed again in February of the following year until the Soviets put an end to the war the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty on the third of March 1918, which ruled the exit of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the first World war.

And things did not settle Soviet forces emerging only after a long civil war that lasted for four years beginning in 1917 and until 1923 between the movement of eggs and that war contents of a foreign intervention by the great powers at the time the Red Army and later judgments execution of Tsar Nekalas II and his family. In March of 1921, he fought a war again on the Eastern Front to be known as the Polish-Russian war between Russian forces and Polish-backed movements separatism in Belarus, Ukraine, and ended with the signing Riga treaty between Poland and Soviet Russia, but that treaty did not calm the situation enough where forced the Soviet Union to enter the armed conflicts similar with other countries were yearning for independence since the days of the empire, such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Early relations with China

With the end of the era of Imperial China demise of the rule of King dynasty final in 1911, China remained for a period of time under a lot of warlords rule the bones of them vulnerable in a period known in the history of China's modern era of warlords, and in order to restore stability to the country and the recovery of the land boarded by its rulers for righteousness the main China who took control of large areas of northern China, the anti-monarchy as well as the new national party in China Kuomintang movements as well as to the President of the Republic of China at that time, Sun Yat-Sen request the intervention of foreign powers to help him take the lead.

And ignoring Western democracy to the requests of Sun Yat-Sen extended a helping hand to him and help him catch things in the country, head of Sun Yat-Sen to the Soviet Union in 1921, which found its leaders in the Chinese demands an opportunity to extend their influence and political ideology to this spot influential in Asia and then the the Soviet Union make the arrangements necessary to support each of the Kuomintang plans (where Adolf Joffe pledged representative of the Soviet Union in China to support his tireless efforts led by Sun Yat-Sen for the unification of China, in a joint letter of the collection between the two sides in Shanghai in 1923.) as well as the Chinese Communist party's interview Covenant political life. Despite the tendency of the Soviet Union towards the establishment of the Communist Party bases in China, but he was ready to come out a winner in both cases, the survival of the power in the hands of nationalists or communists transformation resulting in a power struggle flared between the two parties.

The unification of Soviet republics

In the twenty-eighth of December 1922, a conference was held attended by delegations commissioner from each of the Soviet Federal Republic of Russia, the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Caucasus Soviet socialism and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Republic of Belarus socialism endorsed the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Agreement [2] as well as the declaration of the founding of the Union of Soviet Republics socialism [3] was ratified both documents with the convening of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for the first time on the thirtieth of December 1922, those documents, which was signed by the heads of delegations [4] representatives in Mikhail Kalinin and Micah Tschakaya for Russia, Mikhail Frunze for the Caucasus and Gregory Alexander Petrovsky for Ookranyaoogira Hervaakov [5] the head of the delegation of Belarus.

In the first of February 1924 he recognized the British Empire officially the Soviet Union in the same year put the Soviet Constitution was ratified by the giving side of legitimacy to the unity that existed between the republics of the Russian Federation, the Caucasus, Ukraine and Belarus Soviet socialism and the ensuing declaration of the founding of the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" .

And it began to re-economic, industrial and political restructuring since the first of the emerging era of Soviet forces, particularly since 1917 where he has been the implementation of several reform plans through the initial Soviet decrees signed by Vladimir Lenin had not been elevated to the rank after constitutions. One of the most important of these reform plans are Guilro plan, which aims to deliver electricity throughout each Soviet republic as an essential step for economic restructuring. The plan went out the first time to light in 1920 and put on a timetable to finish them as much as ten to fifteen years and adopted as a basis for the establishment of a local network of 30 power plant ten of them are generating electricity by hydropower in addition to all that follow the stations of the major factories use electricity in run [6]. The implementation of the plan since the announcement in 1920 until completed by the year 1931 [7] and became Nmozja of the Soviet five-year plans and other adopted by the government and the numbers swelled to three tenth five-year plan since 1928 and even the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Stalin's rule

Since the beginning of its inception in the early years, the Soviet Union adopted a one-party system of government, which the Communist Party (or Party of Bolsheviks) and defended by Soviet leaders and justified its existence as a party unite in the country as the best way to confirm the elimination of the capitalist influence in the country and to ensure that his return once again to the Union as well as the application and the Soviet Arsaia democracy central to the rules, which represents the will of free people.

Many changes have taken place in the political life within the Soviet Union, the beginning of the assumption of power and struggle for it and even search for an alternative to the vacant role left by Lenin after his death and who was already so great that prompted the Soviet leaders to form a "troika", a tri-council consists of three members of the forces political prominent in the country and entrusted to the Council the adoption of laws and political matters relating to the country without interfering in the affairs of the same power, a model is derived mainly from the old Romanian Empire, it was chosen Gregory Zinowaev from Ukraine and Lev Kamenev of Rossiaoyousef (Joseph) Stalin from Georgia as members of the "troika." since the last days in the life of Lenin and his inability to perform his political role as a result of severe his illness lingered doubts about the economic future of the country, especially with regard to the agricultural domain, where the Soviet Union, the government earlier to allow again the individual ownership of agricultural land next to public property owned mainly state during the twenties of the last century in an attempt to rotate agricultural production after the end of the Russian civil war and the formation of a new Soviet government replaced the war government, which was entrusted to manage the country's affairs for the duration of the civil war as the government imposed new taxes on agricultural products instead of crops and other products from the fields to collect and distribution in application as approved by the Soviet government and launched him NEP name; and then the conflict intensified between the Soviet leaders to power after Lenin's death in 1924.

Stalin began to extend his political influence since the Lenin's appointment as Chairman of the Administrative Control and have been doing the work of surprise inspections to ensure the quality of the functioning of the various government departments, enterprises and knew that body as the "Action Committee and peasants inspection" or Acronym (Rabikeran). On the third of April 1922, Stalin took over as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and from this point the rise of Stalin to power the work of Stalin to form a strong influence throughout the political life in the Soviet Union, relying on isolation and removal of all of his opponents within the party until he became Aloouhdallalblad leader with the end of the second decade of the the twentieth century and acknowledged comprehensiveness of policies to govern the country, especially after the last get rid of his opponents and they Gregory Zinowaev and Leon Trotsky, where he be expelled central Manalganh Soviet Communist Party and after the denials, both within the country (Zinowaev) or outside (Trotsky).

In 1928, Stalin gave first five-year plan in order to build a comprehensive communist economy in the country. To the degree that Stalin towards international realization of socialism that the work for which Lenin before and was one of the principles advocated by the revolution, Stalin made to confirm the theory of communist one-state that had been advocated by the year 1924. Before In the industrial field, for example, the Soviet state tightened its grip all industrial and productive bodies Foster many large manufacturing programs, and the establishment of collective farms in order to achieve a similar renaissance in the agricultural field.

The idea of ​​the establishment of collective farms severe Amaaradat by the kulaks (the owners of farms and owners of private ownership of agricultural land) as well as some peasant Missouri relatively case that they deliberately hide part of their agricultural production and not to extradite him to the state and sell it on their own later. Which led to several clashes between the kulaks by the local authorities and the rest of the poor peasants by another which led to the spread of famine in parts of the country, prompting Stalin to get rid of the kulaks were politically detained and sent to the gulag to carry out acts of collective labor. As it mentioned there are many organized assassination of the majority of the collage who have been estimated at some 60 million individual movements (as described by the famous Russian novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn) even decreasing their number to less than 700 thousand people (according to Russian news sources).

about Wildlife

Wildlife Protection

Wildlife has become one of the increasingly important practice because of the negative effects of human behavior on the wildlife's. Aware of maintaining neighborhoods and plays a role in protecting wildlife. Ethics of Environmental Protection has made, in addition to pressure from conservationists, this issue Hamh.an protect wildlife environmental issue is the protection of endangered plant and animal species as well as their habitats. Among the goals of wildlife protection is to ensure that nature be present for future generations to enjoy with wildlife and wild lands and realize how important it is for humans. [1] There are many government agencies concerned with the protection of wildlife, and that will help to implement policies aimed at protecting wildlife. It is also many non Alrlakehalmstqlh organizations promoting various issues relating to the protection of wildlife. [2]

Endangered Species

Endangered species in India, large breeds of rare wild animals and aquatic animals and insects types include. It consists of Indian wildlife from various species of birds, mammals and reptiles, ect., And is well known for it includes one of the richest species in the world. It also includes the wildlife in India, many of the endangered species that live on the verge of extinction seriously. This is the definition of endangered species as a sector of the organisms that live in danger of becoming extinct due to a variety of reasons. Either because they are few in number or because the environmental transactions or various predatory threaten extinction. It has been identified as an endangered species in India by various national and international organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

Statistics threatened species with extinction in India

According to official records, there are more than 130,000 species of endangered animals, in India, although some experts believe that the number could be much more than the expected numbers. However, some claim the number is in fact much more than that. The number of endangered species in India is about 8.86% of the world's mammals. Mammals stretching for more than 186 genera and 45 families and 13 species of which about 89 species listed as endangered in the Red List of endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in 2006.

; Varieties of endangered species in India

It was divided endangered species in India into three main categories

Species on the brink of extinction (CR)

And endangered species (EN)

And the types of endangered (VU)

This category has conducted the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), in 2004. In each minute that passes the number of threatened species groups decreases with extinction.

; Species that are on the brink of extinction in India is among the endangered species in India, there is one of the most species on the brink of extinction, a Siberian tiger. Which is a rare breed of tigers, one of the endangered species in India. As has become the Asian elephants that are found in India are victims of illegal fishing is always access to the famous ivory. However, it was considered the main reason behind the objection organizations on their fishing operations is the loss of their homeland. The other endangered species in India is one of the big cats, which is of black marks Golden Cheetah. The number of these types has dropped up to 14 000, in India. The main reasons were behind the decline in the number of leopards in India is the loss of their home, as well as the population pressure on the wildlife sanctuaries in India. These reasons also represent a significant source of concern for other endangered species in India. The main reason behind the loss of habitat is the spread of agriculture. As it is also a fishing Royal Bengal Tiger on a large scale for the purposes of trade in pets and to zoos and research, as well as for use in oriental medicine, in the past.

Moreover, include species that are on the brink of extinction in India, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and Wildlife Institute of India, shrews Genghis and Zbad Almalabar a big spot and flying squirrel from Namdava and pork dwarf (Pygmy) and bats fruit Salim Ali and Tiger snow and lonely Sumatran century and bat loosely guilt of Rhoton. The list of endangered species in India Lion Asiatic Black Bear Asian cat desert and only Great Indian century and rabbit brutal coarse hair and a monkey and small deer Kashmir Black Elchibon and macaque-tailed Asadi and goats Almarkhor and the sheep of Tibet and the monkey langurs Alngheira and Zbab Andaman and Zbab Andaman spinal species and the Indian elephant or Asian elephant The bull Alzabj and the blue whale and the monkey langurs a hood and antelopes Alcherio and whale fin and Dolphin Ganges River and the monkey langurs and golden fish Asian Aloaruana loggerhead sea turtles and dolphins Indus River and mouse Kundana soft fur and Nemes swamps and Zbab Alnikobar tree and grandfather Alngheira brutal and flying squirrel multicolor bat Peter a tubular nose and Panda red and Sei whale and a mouse Bunhut (server), leopards, wild buffalo water and flying squirrel mystic.

Major threats to wildlife

Loss of habitat: not only remain a few areas for wildlife and natural citizen each year. In addition, the remaining habitat is often degraded in a similar environment to give a little wild areas that existed in the past.

Climate change: Because many plant and animal species have specific habitat requirements, climate change could be in a catastrophic loss of species of wild animals cause. And it can be damaged fragile insects and disturbed. Because wild flora and fauna are sensitive to humidity change, they would be harmed in the event of any change in the level of humidity.

Pesticides and toxic chemicals: which are used on a large scale, making a toxic environment for some plants, insects and rodents.

Fishing unregulated and illegal fishing: fishing is an unregulated and illegal fishing a significant threat to wildlife. In addition, poor forest management department and forest guards to exacerbate this problem leads.

Natural phenomena: such as floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, lightning and forest fires.

Pollution: dealing with a wide range of organisms of pollutants released into the environment.

Over-exploitation of resources: the exploitation of wild populations has led to food to the occurrence of severe declines (eg, overfishing)

North American model in wildlife protection

Template: Overly detailed is the North American model in the protection of wildlife and one of the most protection models successful in the world. [Citation needed] and return assets to be protected, which originated in the 19th century movements, with the approaching extinction of many wild animal species (including the American bison) and the advancement of athletes with the middle class, to prevent their extinction. [4] [5] and the beginning of the sixties of the nineteenth century (1860) athletes began in the standings and the call to protect wilderness areas and wildlife. The North American model is based on the protection of wildlife to two basic principles - that the Fish and Wildlife Service are for non-commercial use by the citizens, and it should be designed to be of managed unavailable in better standards of living forever. These two fundamental principles have been put in seven fundamental principles of the model.

Principle; the legal basis for the Secretariat (General Service) in the North American model, the Secretariat keeps the wildlife. This means that the public supports fish and wildlife through the governments of the countries and federal governments. In other words, despite the prospect of owning one of the individuals of the land, who is the wild animals, but he did not have these wild animals mentioned above. But possessed of all citizens. The origins dating back to the Roman era of English common law, including the legal basis for the Secretariat, in essence, the principle of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1842 for a decision from Martin Waddell (Martin V. Waddell). [5] [6]

Use stainless compared

According to the North American model, they should not kill wild animals, but only in order to obtain food, fur and self-defense and protection of property (including cattle). In other words, it is a fish kill or generally wild animals is illegal and immoral (even with a permit) without make every reasonable effort to retrieve resources correct them and benefit. [7] <ref "> Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation> News and Media> Bugle Magazine> Archives </ ref> [8]

Wildlife global resource because wildlife does not already exist only within a fixed political boundaries, the effective management of these resources must be done internationally through treaties, cooperation and management agencies. [7] [9]

Government participation

Wildlife protection by the Government of India in 1972. The law was passed after a short time from the direction of policy makers to enact regulations on the protection of wild life, it was a strategy to allow the actors put, whether governmental or non-governmental organization, following the "framework" Detailed successful protection. "The International Federation has developed for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources' (IUCN) Global Strategy for the protection of wildlife in 1980 with advice and cooperation and financial assistance from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wildlife Fund in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Organization of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) "[10] this strategy aims to" provide an intellectual framework and practical guidance for action to protect wildlife. "[10] this comprehensive guide covers everything from" user "those involved in this strategy to the actual priorities and even the map section that contains on areas with a large consumption of seafood which threatens the region's process of overfishing. main sections are as follows:

The objectives of protecting wildlife and the requirements to achieve:

Maintaining essential ecological processes and life support systems.

Maintaining genetic diversity.

Sustainable use of species and ecosystems.

National priorities for action:

Establish a framework for national strategies of protection and without nationalism.

Integration policies and protection with the development industry.

Environmental planning and rational use.

Priorities for international action:

International Labour Law and assistance.

Tropical forests and dry land.

A global program to protect genetic resources areas.

Maps sections:

tropical forests

Deserts and areas subject to desertification.

Participating non-governmental

While becoming "mainstream development agencies," "weak with the public sector" in environmental protection in the late eighties of the twentieth century (1980), these agencies began to lean towards supporting the "private sector" or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). [11] " > http://www.jstor.org/pss/4192201 </ ref> </a> In a discussion of the World Bank leaves it seemed clear that the "resounding appearing for NGOs" was known widely for government policy makers. the vision of this increase in support of non-governmental organizations, enter the US Congress amendments to the Foreign assistance Act in 1979 and 1986 "dedicated financial resources from the United States Agency for international development (USAID) for biodiversity." [11] since 1990 and through the recent years has become the environmental protection sector non-governmental organizations more focused increasingly on the political and economic impact of the US Agency for international development set to "environment and natural resources." [12] after the terrorist attacks on the central trade world on September 11, 2001 and the beginning of the war on terrorism waged by the former President Bush, it became the preserve the quality of the environment and natural resources and improve "priority" in order to "prevent international tensions," according to the legislation on foreign relations, which was enacted in 2002 [12] and paragraph No. 117 of the Foreign assistance Act of 1961. [12] Moreover, Congress made in 2002 to amend the clause in endangered species of the Foreign assistance Act earlier average.

Also included in the amendments to this paragraph, amendments to the paragraph relating to "private voluntary organizations and non-governmental organizations." [12] where paragraph requires that voluntary private organizations and non-governmental organizations, "the involvement of the local population as much as possible in all the design and implementation stages. "[12] has resulted in these amendments, which were introduced on Alforeighozayadh assistance Act [when?] in the recent funding for US Agency for international development for external environmental protection, to the existence of several disputes related to the role of non-governmental organizations in overseas development.

Non-governmental organizations active

There are many non-governmental organizations working to promote the protection of wildlife or effectively participate in their protection, such as:

Nature Protection Organization, a US charitable environmental organization working to preserve the plants, animals and habitats that represent the diversity of life on Earth through the lands and waters they need to survive protection. [13]

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working to resolve issues related to environmental protection, search and retrieval, formerly known as the Global Fund for wildlife, which still maintains a formal name, in Canada and the United States. It is the largest private independent organizations to protect the environment in the world, supported by more than 5 million supporters worldwide, and operates in more than 90 countries, and supports about 1,300 [4] Project of nature protection projects and environmental projects around the world. A charitable organization, comes nearly 60% of its funding from voluntary contributions from independent individuals. The 45% of the Fund's income from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and the United States. [14]

WCS

Audubon Society

Traffic Organization (global network to monitor the trade in wildlife) (wildlife protection program)

Club International Organization for Safari