Soviet Union
USSR was a communist constitutional state earlier included its borders most of Eurasia area during the period Biema 1922, until 1991. The name is derived from the Russian translator for the full name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (this file Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (? · Information)) Purify: (Sayoz Savisqueij Ssotsialistisckkh Respoblak) and knows Acronym СССР in Russian or "feed ESR". The public knows him by name which is short of the Soviet Union [1] and the adaptation of his short name and translator of Russian, which Советский Союз, Saviski Sayoz. The word "Soviet" in the Russian language (and the correct pronunciation with "Safet") means "advice" As for the word "Safet" as an entity which is derived name of the State later was the name given to the first local council workers established in "Aavanavo" province in the era former Russian Empire in 1905. the Council Alsavi is a basic reference for the community and the communist regime in the USSR.
And the Soviet Union was born from the womb of the Russian Empire, which has been weakened and debilitated than resolved by political events such as the Russian Revolution, which had in 1917 and later became the Russian Civil War, which lasted four years full between 1918 until 1921. The Soviet Union and be of the Federation of many Soviet states among them well-known political entity composed, though the name "Russia" (Structural founding countries of the Soviet Union and the legitimate heir to him) called under the new political entity for a period of time up there with the name "Soviet Union." And a glance, we find that the Soviet Union were not his international border fixed since its inception, with its boundaries change time has changed and punish historical events where almost borders in the aftermath of World War II borders of the former Russian Empire, especially after the annexation of large areas of neighboring territory lands, which were represented in the Baltic and Eastern countries Poland and Bessarabia region in Eastern Europe and so was the Soviet Union, it has regained full borders of the Russian Empire, except for the rest of the Polish and Finnish territory.
And the Soviet Union are at the beginning of the four former Soviet republics Socialist Union but by 1956 the Soviet Union had become a representative entity for fifteen federal, state and they are:
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus
Soviet Socialist Republic of Turkmenistan
Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia
Soviet Russia the Federal Republic of Socialism
Soviet Socialist Republic of Tajikistan
Soviet Socialist Republic of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Independent republics after disassemble
The Soviet Union since the annexation of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on the sixth of August 1940 until Alaatrafh Republic of Karelia, the Finnish-Soviet socialist republic of Karelia Soviet Socialist granted autonomy in the sixteenth of July 1956, had a population of federal States has reached sixteen state.) Being the oldest constitutional communist countries of the Soviet Union was the model for the model by the majority of countries seeking to apply the ideas of Marxism-Leninism during the cold war. The government and political institutions in the country touted as the Bolshevik institutions until it became dubbed later the Soviet Communist Party's name.
Since 1945 and until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 (and is the period known in the history of the Cold War) were the Soviet Union and the United States Alomrakihalquhtan superpowers clashed Ctrtan on the international agenda in all its aspects, whether economic or those related to international affairs of other countries and even the military operations launched by other countries on each other in addition to the destruction of cultural exchange and scientific progress, especially in the field of space research and exploration of control even extended to the field of games and international competitions such as the world Championships and the Olympic Games in different sports.
And the Russian Federation is the rightful heir to the Soviet Union, which was a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States with a recognized global weight and strength, where Russia took international representatives and a lot of armed forces from the former Soviet Union.
Geography and sprawl
The total area of the Soviet Union amounted to 22,276,060 square kilometers. Thus was the largest country in the world the Union as well as Russia, which is the primary heir to this geographic sprawl This area covers about one-sixth of the total area of the globe, and this was a similar size to the size of the North American continent full. European part of the Soviet Union form a quarter of the country's territory was also a heavyweight economic and cultural center of the country at the same time extended the eastern area in Asia to the Pacific coast to the east either south to the borders of Afghanistan and with the exception of some areas in Central Asia was this vast field a densely populated weak annexation this space is 12 time zones and five climatic zones (tundra. taiga. steppes. desert and mountains)
As was the Soviet Union's longest borders in the world and so is the Russian Federation, where a length of approximately 60,000 square kilometers in the Soviet Union, the largest water freshwater lake which is Lake Baikal and is still now part of Russia, the countries that were challenging the Soviet Union: Afghanistan, China, Czechoslovakia , Finland, Hungary, Iran, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey
Date
Since 1917 and until 1922 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic formed the core of the Soviet Union, where she was an independent state in that period Like the rest of the Soviet states at that time until the proclamation of the official of the Soviet Union in the twenty-sixth of December 1922, through the formation annexation federation four countries, namely the Federal Republic of Soviet Russia socialism (and known as the Bolshevik Russia) as well as the republics of Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus Soviet Socialist other, which the Bolsheviks had taken control of the reins of government Bha.aattabr Soviet Union and the heir to the Russian empire and the subsequent transitional government sham short-lived, led by Georgy Lvov and later Alexander Kerensky, since the end of the last rule of Russian Tsars, a Kaiser Nekalaa second and that his reign ended virtually in March 1917 where he pushed empire ruled the country in the wake of the February revolution and replaced a transitional government substitute for it did not last more than six months until it was the other is the exclusion from power by Vladimir Lenin in November of the same year and in the wake of the October revolution.
Vladimir Lenin
The father of the Soviet state was born in 1870, he graduated lawyer but became a revolutionary, and when he read the books of Marx and Engels lifestyle change became a Marxist, a man influenced by Marxism and began revolutionary activities against the Russian empire and set up a communist state, and when the revolution against the czar Naoqla second rebels have managed to achieve victory Faqamt Russian Government temporary and Vladimir Lenin wanted access to power and the establishment of a Russian communist state keep track of the socialist system, so the Bolsheviks in 1917, the revolution knew this revolution Bolshevik revolution under ordered Lenin managed Albolshevik from the elimination of the Russian Provisional government and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and became Lenin, leader of Russia, was the first assistant in the revolution which Leon Trotsky survived an assassination attempt by two bullets he hits his head, but did not give Lenin became leader of the Soviet state in the Russian civil war and achieved the victory in favor of Lenin's doctors surgical operations managed in these operations directed the other one bullet stayed and could not remove them exposure Lenin to stroke the last one is the killer and he died of Lenin in 1924, a large funeral was held for him embalmed and placed in the mausoleum and the tomb was considered part of the red square in Moscow
Revolution and the founding of the Soviet state
Began the revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire at the hands of December rebels in 1825, and despite the fact that slavery had been abolished from all over the Imperial in 1861 by Czar Alexander II and was given serfs or as so-called "salt of the earth" liberty except that the new reform law did not give the peasants simpletons They gave them their rights as far as freedom than the fact that a new impetus to the rebels to get rid of Tsarist rule. Despite the establishment of the local parliament (Duma) in 1906 in the wake of the 1905 revolution, however, the Czar of Russia at that time has frustrated all attempts to transform the country from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Resulting in a growing internal unrest and anger the General People of all events, especially after the imperial armies won a decisive defeat in World War I and the subsequent lack of food, especially in the big cities and supplies.
And the popular uprising may have contributed carried out by the population in the city of Saint Petersburg in protest at the poor state of the country's military and moral decline in various fields in igniting a comprehensive revolution in all parts of the country, known as the February revolution which led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in March 1917, where the Russian Provisional Government replaced tsarist autocratic government, which wanted its leaders (ie the interim government) hold local elections, the composition of the Russian legislative Council by popular vote as well as to continue the first World war alongside the allies.
And at the same time and for working in the community tier guarantee the rights of grown labor unions, which is dubbed "Safet", the country-wide effort and the growing role especially in the reunion of the rebels and provide a suitable place to live meetings, and these councils and federations Soviet able Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin promotion of revolutions and do even managed during the October revolution of wrest power from the interim government in November 1917. by December of the same year, the Bolsheviks signed Agahhdnh with the axis forces, but the fighting renewed again in February of the following year until the Soviets put an end to the war the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty on the third of March 1918, which ruled the exit of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the first World war.
And things did not settle Soviet forces emerging only after a long civil war that lasted for four years beginning in 1917 and until 1923 between the movement of eggs and that war contents of a foreign intervention by the great powers at the time the Red Army and later judgments execution of Tsar Nekalas II and his family. In March of 1921, he fought a war again on the Eastern Front to be known as the Polish-Russian war between Russian forces and Polish-backed movements separatism in Belarus, Ukraine, and ended with the signing Riga treaty between Poland and Soviet Russia, but that treaty did not calm the situation enough where forced the Soviet Union to enter the armed conflicts similar with other countries were yearning for independence since the days of the empire, such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Early relations with China
With the end of the era of Imperial China demise of the rule of King dynasty final in 1911, China remained for a period of time under a lot of warlords rule the bones of them vulnerable in a period known in the history of China's modern era of warlords, and in order to restore stability to the country and the recovery of the land boarded by its rulers for righteousness the main China who took control of large areas of northern China, the anti-monarchy as well as the new national party in China Kuomintang movements as well as to the President of the Republic of China at that time, Sun Yat-Sen request the intervention of foreign powers to help him take the lead.
And ignoring Western democracy to the requests of Sun Yat-Sen extended a helping hand to him and help him catch things in the country, head of Sun Yat-Sen to the Soviet Union in 1921, which found its leaders in the Chinese demands an opportunity to extend their influence and political ideology to this spot influential in Asia and then the the Soviet Union make the arrangements necessary to support each of the Kuomintang plans (where Adolf Joffe pledged representative of the Soviet Union in China to support his tireless efforts led by Sun Yat-Sen for the unification of China, in a joint letter of the collection between the two sides in Shanghai in 1923.) as well as the Chinese Communist party's interview Covenant political life. Despite the tendency of the Soviet Union towards the establishment of the Communist Party bases in China, but he was ready to come out a winner in both cases, the survival of the power in the hands of nationalists or communists transformation resulting in a power struggle flared between the two parties.
The unification of Soviet republics
In the twenty-eighth of December 1922, a conference was held attended by delegations commissioner from each of the Soviet Federal Republic of Russia, the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Caucasus Soviet socialism and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Republic of Belarus socialism endorsed the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Agreement [2] as well as the declaration of the founding of the Union of Soviet Republics socialism [3] was ratified both documents with the convening of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for the first time on the thirtieth of December 1922, those documents, which was signed by the heads of delegations [4] representatives in Mikhail Kalinin and Micah Tschakaya for Russia, Mikhail Frunze for the Caucasus and Gregory Alexander Petrovsky for Ookranyaoogira Hervaakov [5] the head of the delegation of Belarus.
In the first of February 1924 he recognized the British Empire officially the Soviet Union in the same year put the Soviet Constitution was ratified by the giving side of legitimacy to the unity that existed between the republics of the Russian Federation, the Caucasus, Ukraine and Belarus Soviet socialism and the ensuing declaration of the founding of the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" .
And it began to re-economic, industrial and political restructuring since the first of the emerging era of Soviet forces, particularly since 1917 where he has been the implementation of several reform plans through the initial Soviet decrees signed by Vladimir Lenin had not been elevated to the rank after constitutions. One of the most important of these reform plans are Guilro plan, which aims to deliver electricity throughout each Soviet republic as an essential step for economic restructuring. The plan went out the first time to light in 1920 and put on a timetable to finish them as much as ten to fifteen years and adopted as a basis for the establishment of a local network of 30 power plant ten of them are generating electricity by hydropower in addition to all that follow the stations of the major factories use electricity in run [6]. The implementation of the plan since the announcement in 1920 until completed by the year 1931 [7] and became Nmozja of the Soviet five-year plans and other adopted by the government and the numbers swelled to three tenth five-year plan since 1928 and even the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Stalin's rule
Since the beginning of its inception in the early years, the Soviet Union adopted a one-party system of government, which the Communist Party (or Party of Bolsheviks) and defended by Soviet leaders and justified its existence as a party unite in the country as the best way to confirm the elimination of the capitalist influence in the country and to ensure that his return once again to the Union as well as the application and the Soviet Arsaia democracy central to the rules, which represents the will of free people.
Many changes have taken place in the political life within the Soviet Union, the beginning of the assumption of power and struggle for it and even search for an alternative to the vacant role left by Lenin after his death and who was already so great that prompted the Soviet leaders to form a "troika", a tri-council consists of three members of the forces political prominent in the country and entrusted to the Council the adoption of laws and political matters relating to the country without interfering in the affairs of the same power, a model is derived mainly from the old Romanian Empire, it was chosen Gregory Zinowaev from Ukraine and Lev Kamenev of Rossiaoyousef (Joseph) Stalin from Georgia as members of the "troika." since the last days in the life of Lenin and his inability to perform his political role as a result of severe his illness lingered doubts about the economic future of the country, especially with regard to the agricultural domain, where the Soviet Union, the government earlier to allow again the individual ownership of agricultural land next to public property owned mainly state during the twenties of the last century in an attempt to rotate agricultural production after the end of the Russian civil war and the formation of a new Soviet government replaced the war government, which was entrusted to manage the country's affairs for the duration of the civil war as the government imposed new taxes on agricultural products instead of crops and other products from the fields to collect and distribution in application as approved by the Soviet government and launched him NEP name; and then the conflict intensified between the Soviet leaders to power after Lenin's death in 1924.
Stalin began to extend his political influence since the Lenin's appointment as Chairman of the Administrative Control and have been doing the work of surprise inspections to ensure the quality of the functioning of the various government departments, enterprises and knew that body as the "Action Committee and peasants inspection" or Acronym (Rabikeran). On the third of April 1922, Stalin took over as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and from this point the rise of Stalin to power the work of Stalin to form a strong influence throughout the political life in the Soviet Union, relying on isolation and removal of all of his opponents within the party until he became Aloouhdallalblad leader with the end of the second decade of the the twentieth century and acknowledged comprehensiveness of policies to govern the country, especially after the last get rid of his opponents and they Gregory Zinowaev and Leon Trotsky, where he be expelled central Manalganh Soviet Communist Party and after the denials, both within the country (Zinowaev) or outside (Trotsky).
In 1928, Stalin gave first five-year plan in order to build a comprehensive communist economy in the country. To the degree that Stalin towards international realization of socialism that the work for which Lenin before and was one of the principles advocated by the revolution, Stalin made to confirm the theory of communist one-state that had been advocated by the year 1924. Before In the industrial field, for example, the Soviet state tightened its grip all industrial and productive bodies Foster many large manufacturing programs, and the establishment of collective farms in order to achieve a similar renaissance in the agricultural field.
The idea of the establishment of collective farms severe Amaaradat by the kulaks (the owners of farms and owners of private ownership of agricultural land) as well as some peasant Missouri relatively case that they deliberately hide part of their agricultural production and not to extradite him to the state and sell it on their own later. Which led to several clashes between the kulaks by the local authorities and the rest of the poor peasants by another which led to the spread of famine in parts of the country, prompting Stalin to get rid of the kulaks were politically detained and sent to the gulag to carry out acts of collective labor. As it mentioned there are many organized assassination of the majority of the collage who have been estimated at some 60 million individual movements (as described by the famous Russian novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn) even decreasing their number to less than 700 thousand people (according to Russian news sources).
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